泌尿时讯 发表时间:2026/5/18 17:40:22
编者按:免疫检查点抑制剂的出现,彻底重塑了泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的治疗版图。但这份治疗突破的背后,也潜藏着不容忽视的代价。免疫检查点抑制剂相关不良事件(irAEs),与化疗毒性存在本质差异——它影响的器官系统范围更广,且在不同患者群体中的发生情况难以预测。这就意味着,临床实践中必须对免疫毒性保持高度警觉,力求在副作用恶化升级前精准捕捉、及时干预。矛盾的是,越来越多的证据表明,那些我们试图预防的毒性反应,恰恰是免疫治疗发挥疗效的关键信号。因此,临床医生在使用免疫检查点抑制剂时必须审慎权衡治疗收益与潜在风险,为患者筑牢安全与疗效的双重防线。
亮点抢先看
1
免疫检查点抑制剂彻底改变了泌尿系统肿瘤的治疗策略,但也带来了独特的免疫治疗相关毒性。
2
免疫毒性既常见,又具有重要的临床意义。近期研究表明,免疫治疗相关不良事件与治疗效果的改善呈正相关;然而,并非所有毒性都能同等地预测治疗获益。
3
早期发现并系统地管理irAEs,对于安全有效地使用免疫检查点抑制剂至关重要。
肾细胞癌(RCC)
对于RCC患者而言,免疫检查点抑制剂首次在CheckMate-025研究中展现出显著疗效:研究结果证实,对于既往接受过治疗的转移性肾细胞癌患者,相较于接受依维莫司,纳武利尤单抗治疗可有效改善生存期。此后不久,CheckMate-214试验显示,纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗的疗效优于舒尼替尼,开启了转移性RCC目前的一线标准治疗:基于免疫检查点抑制剂的双药疗法(双免治疗或免疫联合VEGF-TKI)。根据KEYNOTE-564试验,免疫治疗也被进一步应用于肾切除术后的高危早期RCC患者,该试验显示,接受帕博利珠单抗治疗的患者总生存期(OS)较安慰剂组有所改善。
尿路上皮癌(UC)
免疫检查点抑制剂也是膀胱癌治疗的关键组成部分。在非肌层浸润性膀胱癌领域,帕博利珠单抗已被批准用于卡介苗耐药患者,而sasanlimab和度伐利尤单抗已被证明对新诊断的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者有效。
前列腺癌、阴茎癌或睾丸癌
尽管免疫检查点抑制剂尚未被证实对前列腺癌、阴茎癌或睾丸癌有效,但帕博利珠单抗和纳武利尤单抗具有不区分疾病类型的适应症,可用于微卫星不稳定性较高(MSI-H)的肿瘤,因此在极少数情况下可作为难治性疾病患者的治疗选择。
免疫检查点抑制剂的作用机制已得到充分阐明,其核心在于阻断癌细胞与T细胞之间的关键抑制信号。PD-1、PD-L1和CTLA-4等免疫检查点蛋白通常与T细胞结合,从而抑制免疫系统对肿瘤的杀伤作用。通过阻断这些检查点,免疫检查点抑制剂可以恢复T细胞对癌细胞的活性。然而,这种免疫激活也可能错误地针对健康组织,产生类似于自身免疫的临床表现。免疫治疗相关毒性,部分是由细胞因子过度释放(即“细胞因子风暴”)引起的,可能会引发广泛的炎症、血管损伤和体液渗漏到组织中,最终导致器官损伤。
免疫疗法与多种irAEs相关,且发生频率不一。虽然最常见的毒性器官包括皮肤、内分泌器官、肺和胃肠道,但任何器官都可能受到影响。泌尿系统肿瘤患者的免疫毒性发生率估计在35%-50%之间,其中约10%的患者会出现≥3级毒性反应。
最常见的毒性反应是皮疹(13.8%)、甲状腺功能减退(11.0%)和腹泻(10.4%)。最常见的严重毒性反应是腹泻(2.7%)、严重皮肤反应(2.2%)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高(2.0%)。其他较少见的毒性反应包括疲乏、其他内分泌功能障碍、风湿相关症状和肺炎。
罕见的irAEs例如神经系统综合征(重症肌无力和脑炎)、眼毒性、心脏毒性和血管炎,发生率约为1%-2%。总体而言,现有证据表明,免疫相关死亡发生率为0.26%,其中肺炎(35.7%)、肝功能衰竭(10.7%)和肝炎(7.1%)是最常见的死亡原因。
多项研究表明,irAEs与免疫治疗的疗效呈正相关。在RCC中,一项回顾性研究纳入90例患者(其中42.2%发生irAEs),结果显示发生irAEs的患者OS延长,且后续治疗时间更长。同样,在一项纳入389例接受纳武利尤单抗治疗的患者队列研究中,20%的患者发生irAEs,irAEs的出现与生存获益之间存在显著相关性。一项纳入1747例尿路上皮癌患者的汇总分析也发现irAEs与OS改善相关,发生irAEs的优势比为3.77。
然而,并非所有毒性反应都能同等地预测获益:一项纳入6148例RCC或尿路上皮癌患者的荟萃分析发现,发生irAEs的患者OS和PFS更长;但亚组分析显示,发生肺部irAEs或≥3级irAEs的患者OS更差。总体而言,尽管irAE可能与治疗缓解增强相关,但其异质性和严重毒性风险凸显了深入了解其机制和开发预测性临床工具的必要性。
早期识别和及时进行免疫抑制干预对于获得最佳疗效至关重要。大多数irAE为低级别,可通过支持性治疗进行管理。2/3级事件通常需要使用皮质类固醇并暂停治疗,而4级毒性则需要永久停药。由于许多社区医疗机构的专科医生资源有限、治疗开始前基线实验室检查和诊断检测结果不确定,以及缺乏标准化的监测策略来检测治疗期间或治疗后发生的irAE,因此及时识别irAE仍然具有挑战性。
专家组提出了首个早期检测监测模式,其中包括基线实验室检查(全血细胞计数、综合代谢指标、甲状腺功能检查、晨起皮质醇、脂肪酶和淀粉酶)、肺功能检查、心电图、步行氧饱和度监测以及详尽的患者和家族自身免疫性疾病史。当然,未来需要进一步研究来验证和实施这种方法。
糖皮质激素仍然是治疗的基石,而对于激素难治性或危及生命的病例,则越来越多地依赖于其他免疫调节剂,包括JAK-STAT抑制剂、吗替麦考酚酯、CTLA-4激动剂、抗肿瘤坏死因子药物和抗整合素疗法。以下表格包含了基于临床经验的早期检测和治疗模式。
免疫检查点抑制剂重塑了泌尿系统肿瘤的治疗格局,同时也带来了一系列潜在的严重毒性反应。免疫毒性既是治疗的代价,也是治疗成功的标志。泌尿系统肿瘤免疫疗法的未来不仅取决于优化治疗方案以最大限度地提高疗效,还取决于开发用于早期检测和管理irAEs的系统。总之,只有当临床医生能够在不损害患者安全的前提下充分发挥免疫治疗的潜力时,才能真正实现其全部潜能。
参考文献
[1] Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, et al; CheckMate 025 Investigators. Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1803-1813.
[2] Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, et al; CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(14):1277-1290.
[3] Choueiri TK, Tomczak P, Park SH, et al; KEYNOTE-564 Investigators. Overall survival with adjuvant pembrolizumab in renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(15):1359-1371.
[4] Balar AV, Kamat AM, Kulkarni GS, et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to BCG (KEYNOTE-057): an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(7):919-930.
[5] Shore ND, Powles TB, Bedke J, et al. Sasanlimab plus BCG in BCG-naive, high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the randomized phase 3 CREST trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(8):2806-2814.
[6] De Santis M, Palou Redorta J, Nishiyama H, et al; POTOMAC Investigators. Durvalumab in combination with BCG for BCG-naive, high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (POTOMAC): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2025;406(10516):2221-2234.
[7] Powles T, Catto JWF, Galsky MD, et al; NIAGARA Investigators. Perioperative durvalumab with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(19):1773-1786.
[8] Galsky MD, Hoimes CJ, Necch A, et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: phase III KEYNOTE-866 and KEYNOTE-905/EV-303. Future Oncol. 2021;17(24):3137-3150.
[9] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves pembrolizumab with enfortumab vedotin-ejfv for muscle invasive bladder cancer. FDA.gov. November 21, 2025. Accessed December 17, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-enfortumab-vedotin-ejfv-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer.
[10] Bajorin DF, Witjes JA, Gschwend JE, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab versus placebo in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(22):2102-2114.
[11] Apolo AB, Ballman KV, Sonpavde G, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(1):45-55.
[12] Powles T, Kann AG, Castellano D, et al; IMvigor011 Investigators. ctDNA-guided adjuvant atezolizumab in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. Published online October 20, 2025.
[13] Powles T, Valderrama BP, Gupta S, et al; EV-302 Trial Investigators. Enfortumab vedotin and pembrolizumab in untreated advanced urothelial cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(10):875-888.
[14] Powles T, Park SH, Voog E, et al. Avelumab maintenance therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(13):1218-1230.
[15] O’Malley DM, Bariani GM, Cassier PA, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with microsatellite instability-high advanced endometrial cancer: results from the KEYNOTE-158 study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(7):752-761.
[16] Boussiotis VA. Molecular and biochemical aspects of the PD-1 checkpoint pathway. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(18):1767-1778.
[17] 1Bou Zerdan M, Moussa S, Atoui A, Assi HI. Mechanisms of immunotoxicity: stressors and evaluators. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):8242.
[18] Mercinelli C, Carli C, Di Vita R, Oliveri M, Galli L, Necchi A. Immunotherapy toxicities in genito-urinary cancers: insights and challenges for clinicians. Curr Opin Urol. 2025;35(4):461-466.
[19] Wu Z, Chen Q, Qu L, et al. Adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy for urologic cancer patients in clinical trials: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2022;81(4):414-425.
[20] Mar N, Slaught M, Kaakour D, Azizi A, Valerin JB. Distribution of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) across genitourinary (GU) malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:6s (suppl; abstr 470).
[21] Thapa B, Roopkumar J, Kim AS, et al. Incidence and clinical pattern of immune related adverse effects (irAE) due to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:15s (suppl; abstr e14151).
[22] Maher VE, Fernandes LL, Weinstock C, et al. Analysis of the association between adverse events and outcome in patients receiving a programmed death protein 1 or programmed death ligand 1 antibody. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(30):2730-2737.
[23] Eggermont AMM, Kicinski M, Blank CU, et al. Association between immune-related adverse events and recurrence-free survival among patients with stage III melanoma randomized to receive pembrolizumab or placebo: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(4):519-527.
[24] Cortellini A, Buti S, Agostinelli V, Bersanelli M. A systematic review on the emerging association between the occurrence of immune-related adverse events and clinical outcomes with checkpoint inhibitors in advanced cancer patients. Semin Oncol. 2019;46(4-5):362-371.
[25] Elias R, Levonyak N, Christie A, et al. A real-world experience of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:6s (suppl; abstr 647).
[26] Verzoni E, Cartenì G, Cortesi E, et al; Italian Nivolumab Renal Cell Cancer Early Access Program group. Real-world efficacy and safety of nivolumab in previously-treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and association between immune-related adverse events and survival: the Italian expanded access program. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):99.
[27] Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu H, et al. The incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and their association with clinical outcomes in advanced renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2024;129:102787.
[28] Puzanov I, Diab A, Abdallah K, et al; Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Toxicity Management Working Group. Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):95.
[29] Özdemir BC, Espinosa da Silva C, Arangalage D, et al. Multidisciplinary recommendations for essential baseline functional and laboratory tests to facilitate early diagnosis and management of immune-related adverse events among cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2023;72(7):1991-2001.
[30] Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(36):4073-4126.
(来源:《肿瘤瞭望-泌尿时讯》编辑部)
声 明
凡署名原创的文章版权属《肿瘤瞭望-泌尿时讯》所有,欢迎分享、转载(开白可后台留言)。本文仅供医疗卫生专业人士了解最新医药资讯参考使用,不代表本平台观点。该等信息不能以任何方式取代专业的医疗指导,也不应被视为诊疗建议,如果该信息被用于资讯以外的目的,本站及作者不承担相关责任。
温馨提示
添加小助手请备注“泌尿”